{"id":2649,"date":"2025-09-01T15:10:36","date_gmt":"2025-09-01T12:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/erenyesilyurt.com\/?p=2649"},"modified":"2025-09-08T13:20:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-08T10:20:45","slug":"luga-fumagalli-yuzuklerin-efendisini-bir-dinsel-alegori-olarak-okumak-hatadirama-metin-katoliklerin-dunyayi-kavradigi-hakikat-isigini-kullanarak-yazilmistir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/erenyesilyurt.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/01\/luga-fumagalli-yuzuklerin-efendisini-bir-dinsel-alegori-olarak-okumak-hatadirama-metin-katoliklerin-dunyayi-kavradigi-hakikat-isigini-kullanarak-yazilmistir\/","title":{"rendered":"Luga Fumagalli: Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi\u2019ni bir dinsel alegori olarak okumak hatad\u0131r ama metin Katoliklerin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakikat \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0130talyan Oscar Wilde Derne\u011fi \u00fcyesi olan Luga Fumagalli, ayn\u0131 zamanda Radio Spada<\/em> bloguna ve iki ayda bir yay\u0131mlanan Saint Austin Review<\/em> dergisine katk\u0131da bulunuyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle son iki y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen Britanya Katolikli\u011fi fig\u00fcrlerinin incelenmesi ve tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na odakl\u0131yor. Tolkien, Britanya Katolikli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biri olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Biz de Fumagalli ile Tolkien\u2019i ve Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi\u2019ni<\/em> konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tolkien\u2019i k\u0131saca tan\u0131tabilir misiniz? Katolik inanc\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi \u00fczerindeki etkisini ve onun \u0130ngiliz Katolik-muhafazak\u00e2r gelene\u011fi ile genel olarak Britanya sa\u011f\u0131ndaki konumunu nas\u0131l de\u011ferlendirirsiniz<\/em>?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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J.R.R Tolkien<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

J. R. R. Tolkien (1892-1973) asl\u0131nda tan\u0131t\u0131lmaya pek ihtiya\u00e7 duymayan bir yazard\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Hobbit<\/em> (1937) ve \u00f6zellikle de Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em> (1954-1955) \u00fc\u00e7lemesiyle 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve en \u00e7ok kutlanan yazarlar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Bu \u00fc\u00e7leme, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda Peter Jackson\u2019\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 film uyarlamalar\u0131 sayesinde yeniden g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir (oysa Hobbit<\/em> \u00fc\u00e7lemesi i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 \u015fey s\u00f6ylenemez; senaryo tercihleri hayli utan\u00e7 vericidir).
G\u00fcney Afrika do\u011fumlu olan Tolkien, annesinin Katolikli\u011fe ge\u00e7i\u015fi sayesinde gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta Katolik oldu. Annesinin erken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00f6ks\u00fcz kald\u0131 ve Oratoryan rahip Francis Morgan\u2019\u0131n \u015fefkatli ilgisine emanet edildi. Daha sonra Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Bat\u0131 Cephesi\u2019nde sava\u015ft\u0131, evlendi, d\u00f6rt \u00e7ocu\u011fu oldu ve hayat\u0131 boyunca Oxford \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde \u00f6nce Anglosakson dili ve edebiyat\u0131, ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngiliz dili ve edebiyat\u0131 profes\u00f6r\u00fc olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131.
Hik\u00e2ye yazma iste\u011fi, asl\u0131nda eski dillere duydu\u011fu derin sevgiden do\u011fdu; hatta bir t\u00fcr \u00f6zel oyun olarak kendi dillerini icat etmeye kadar vard\u0131. Orta D\u00fcnya, Tolkien\u2019in kendi s\u00f6zleriyle, \u00f6ncelikle icat etti\u011fi bu diller i\u00e7in bir ba\u011flam, bir mek\u00e2n ve bir tarih olu\u015fturma arzusundan do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dinsel meseleye d\u00f6necek olursak, \u0130ngiliz yazar i\u00e7in Katoliklik son derece ciddiye al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir \u015feydi: Her g\u00fcn ayine gidiyordu \u2013 biyografi yazar\u0131 Carpenter, bu al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na birka\u00e7 sayfa ay\u0131r\u0131r \u2013 ve dostu C. S. Lewis\u2019in Roma Kilisesi\u2019ne olan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ayr\u0131ca e\u015fi Edith Bratt\u2019\u0131n tutuk tavr\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ac\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Edith, Tolkien\u2019le evlenebilmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Anglikan inanc\u0131n\u0131 istemeyerek de olsa geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tolkien Meryem Ana\u2019ya derinden ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131; 1941 tarihli, aile ve evlili\u011fin de\u011ferine adanm\u0131\u015f bir mektubunu Kutsal Sakrament\u2019e dair dokunakl\u0131 bir \u00f6vg\u00fcyle bitirmi\u015fti. Genel olarak azizlerin k\u00fclt\u00fcne b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem veriyordu; bu tavr\u0131 k\u0131smen ezoterizme kar\u015f\u0131 duydu\u011fu tiksintiyle de ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131. Ona g\u00f6re azizler, kusurlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen kalplerini ve iradelerini d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yoz mant\u0131\u011f\u0131na asla tamamen boyun e\u011fdirmeyen ki\u015filerdir ve bu y\u00fczden vazge\u00e7ilmez referans noktalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nanc\u0131 ciddi bi\u00e7imde sadece II. Vatikan Konsili y\u0131llar\u0131nda (1962-1965) s\u0131nand\u0131. Kilise, bu d\u00f6nemde teolojik ve doktriner bir yenilenme s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatt\u0131 ki, bu da \u00e7ok\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015fma yaratt\u0131. Asl\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca Oxford profes\u00f6r\u00fc de\u011fil, Katolik edebiyat canlanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen bir\u00e7ok \u0130ngiliz temsilcisi bu reformlara \u015f\u00fcpheyle ya da ele\u015ftirel bir tav\u0131rla yakla\u015ft\u0131. Co\u015fkuyla destekleyenler azd\u0131; \u00e7o\u011fu entelekt\u00fcel ise pek \u00e7ok rezerv \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Tolkien de ya\u015fananlara \u00e7eli\u015fkili duygularla bakt\u0131. Onunla 1960\u2019larda uzun uzun konu\u015fmu\u015f olan George Sayer, Joseph Pearce\u2019e verdi\u011fi bir r\u00f6portajda Tolkien\u2019in Katolikli\u011fini \u201cgeleneksel\u201d bir \u00e7izgiye oturtur: \u201c\u00c7ok s\u0131k\u0131 bir Katolikti. \u00c7ok ortodoks, eski usul biriydi ve II. Vatikan Konsili\u2019ndeki geli\u015fmelerin \u00e7o\u011funa kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u201d O\u011flu John Tolkien (1940\u2019larda rahip olmu\u015ftur) da babas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimlere, \u00f6zellikle de Latince Ayin\u2019in kaybolmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir.
Tolkien\u2019in su\u00e7lamalar\u0131, \u00f6z\u00fcnde bir \u201cilk safl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u201d pe\u015finde ko\u015fanlara y\u00f6nelikti. Ona g\u00f6re, bir a\u011fac\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00fcnden s\u00f6k\u00fcp tohumunu aramak sa\u00e7mal\u0131k olurdu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc art\u0131k \u00f6yle bir tohum yoktur. G\u00f6vde, dallar ve yapraklar o tohumun do\u011fal evrimidir, bir ihanet de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine de tart\u0131\u015fmaya girmekten ho\u015flanmayan, yumu\u015fak huylu karakteri sayesinde gereksiz polemiklere yol a\u00e7mad\u0131. S\u0131rf itaat ruhuyla da olsa, yeni d\u00fczene uyum sa\u011flad\u0131 (ruhsal s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 Holly Ordway\u2019in Tolkien\u2019s Faith<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131n\u0131r).<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em> de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak yazar\u0131n\u0131n inanc\u0131ndan izler ta\u015f\u0131r. Bunun nedeni baz\u0131 karakterlerin Hristiyan gelene\u011findeki fig\u00fcrlerle benzerlikler g\u00f6stermesi de\u011fildir \u2013 \u00f6rne\u011fin Elf Galadriel\u2019in Meryem Ana\u2019yla ortak y\u00f6nleri vard\u0131r \u2013 as\u0131l neden, esere ruhunu veren duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6kten Katolik olu\u015fudur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>\u2019ni bir dinsel alegori olarak okumak hatad\u0131r; ama Flannery O\u2019Connor\u2019un \u201cKatolik Roman\u201d hakk\u0131nda dedi\u011fi gibi, metin Katoliklerin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakikat \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sevgi, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z kahramanl\u0131k, fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k\u2026 bunlar\u0131n hepsi Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>\u2019nin sayfalar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a tekrarlanan temalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onun d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile siyasal muhafazak\u00e2rl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 ortak noktalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Tolkien, Anglosakson sa\u011f \u00e7evreleri (\u0130ngiliz ve Amerikal\u0131) hep cezbetmi\u015ftir. Her ne kadar parti siyasetine ilgisizli\u011fini dile getirse de \u2013 hatta k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u201csiyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerim giderek ya felsefi anlamda anar\u015fiye (yani kontrol\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, bombac\u0131 sakall\u0131lara de\u011fil) ya da \u2018anayasal olmayan\u2019 monar\u015fiye kay\u0131yor\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 \u2013 liberal ve yeni muhafazak\u00e2r \u00e7evreler onu kendilerine mal etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Nitekim Tolkien\u2019in siyasi felsefesi \u00fczerine en derinlemesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da bu \u00e7evrelerden geldi: John West\u2019in Celebrating Middle-Earth: The Lord of the Rings as a Defense of Western Civilization<\/em> veya Jonathan Witt ile Jay W. Richards\u2019\u0131n Hobbit Party<\/em> adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131 buna \u00f6rnektir.
\u201cUygarl\u0131klar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\u201d y\u0131llar\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131 baz\u0131 gazeteler, Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>\u2019nin ikinci cildi \u0130ki Kule<\/em>\u2019yi 11 Eyl\u00fcl trajedisiyle, Sauron\u2019u Saddam H\u00fcseyin\u2019le \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmeye kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Bunlar yoruma gerek duymayan sa\u00e7mal\u0131klard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son olarak, baz\u0131 sol \u00e7evrelerin de \u201cfa\u015fist Tolkien\u201d mitini in\u015fa etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finmek gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Fred Inglis\u2019in Gentility and Powerlessness: Tolkien and the New Class<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em> gerici ve \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 bir destan olarak nitelendirilir. Bu t\u00fcr iddialar da yoruma de\u011fmeyecek kadar temelsizdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tolkien alegori fikrini reddetmi\u015f olsa da, eserdeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda okumak ne kadar  do\u011fru? (Orklar = fa\u015fizm, Saruman = Prusya militarizmi)?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Bence Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em> gibi karma\u015f\u0131k ve katmanl\u0131 bir esere alegorik okuma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerini uygulamak her zaman tehlikelidir. Pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 bu tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Risk, Tolkien\u2019in ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 tek boyuta indirgemek, onun uzun yaz\u0131m s\u00fcrecini ve yazar\u0131n hem ya\u015fam deneyimlerini hem fikirlerini kitaba kat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmektir.
Tolkien\u2019in hayat\u0131nda sava\u015f \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir: Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda askerdi, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n deh\u015fetine de tan\u0131k oldu. Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>\u2019nde de \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar ve destans\u0131 sava\u015flar vard\u0131r; Frodo\u2019nun g\u00f6revi t\u00fcm Orta D\u00fcnya\u2019y\u0131 saran k\u00fcresel bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma zemininde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, roman\u0131 II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda okumak elbette me\u015fru ve verimli olabilir; ama bu okuma, kitab\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn derinli\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya yetmez. \u00d6rne\u011fin Saruman, evet, Alman militarizmiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir, ama bundan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r: O, her \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n insan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen tahakk\u00fcm ve \u015fiddet arzusunu cisimle\u015ftirir. Benzer \u015fekilde orklar\u0131 sadece Nazi-fa\u015fizmle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmek indirgemeci olur. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n alegorisi saymaya kalkt\u0131, ama Tolkien\u2019in y\u00fcz\u00fck etraf\u0131nda kurdu\u011fu \u015fey asl\u0131nda iktidar fenomeninin incelikli bir tahlilidir.
Bu konuda olumlu bir \u00f6rnek John Garth\u2019t\u0131r. Onun Tolkien and the Great War<\/em> adl\u0131 eserinde, Oxford profes\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn siperlerde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131yla Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>\u2019ndeki baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok isabetli benzerlikler kurulmu\u015ftur (bunlar Tolkien<\/em> biyografik filmine de yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r). Ancak Garth\u2019\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131, kitab\u0131n derinli\u011fini bu okumayla t\u00fcketmeye kalk\u0131\u015fmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitab\u0131n 1960\u2019lar\u0131n hippi kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn simgesinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz okurlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201csek\u00fcler kutsal metin\u201de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Denebilir ki farkl\u0131 zamanlarda herkes biraz Tolkienci oldu: neo-fa\u015fistler de, hippiler de, \u00e7evreciler de, Katolikler de, bar\u0131\u015f yanl\u0131lar\u0131 da, neopaganlar da, devrimciler de, muhafazak\u00e2rlar da\u2026 Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>, kendi de\u011ferlerini do\u011frulayan unsurlar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inanan \u00e7e\u015fitli grup ve hareketlerce ba\u015fvuru kitab\u0131 haline getirildi. Bu, kaba yanl\u0131\u015f anlamalar ve ideolojik okumalar sayesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu: uygun d\u00fc\u015fen ayr\u0131nt\u0131 \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131, gerisi yok say\u0131ld\u0131. Saruman a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 kesiyor ve Entler ayaklan\u0131yor mu? O halde Tolkien \u00e7evreciydi. Aff\u0131n\u0131za s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum ama olan biten tam olarak buydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine roman\u0131n \u00e7ok boyutlulu\u011fu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi. Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em> her \u201cklasik\u201d eser gibi, insan varolu\u015funun b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayan geni\u015f bir tema yelpazesine dokunur. Bu y\u00fczden asla modas\u0131 ge\u00e7mez. Okur her zaman d\u00f6n\u00fcp ona bakabilir ve kendi korkular\u0131n\u0131, arzular\u0131n\u0131, zay\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, umutlar\u0131n\u0131 bir aynada g\u00f6r\u00fcr gibi bulabilir. Yani Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em> insana insan\u0131 g\u00f6sterme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahiptir ve bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi onu kolay etiketlere indirgenemez k\u0131lar.
Bug\u00fcnse roman\u0131n pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcr taraf\u0131ndan emilip t\u00fcketilmesi tehlikesi var. Sanki Tolkien\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, sadece elfler, ejderhalar ve benzeri \u015feylere tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u201cnerd\u201din \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcym\u00fc\u015f gibi, s\u0131radan bir fantezi roman\u0131 seviyesine indiriliyor. Oysa asl\u0131nda Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em> insana dair bir destan\u0131 anlat\u0131r; bunu nat\u00fcralist roman\u0131n kal\u0131plar\u0131yla de\u011fil, ba\u015fka \u00fcsluplarla yapar, ama bu onu daha az etkili k\u0131lmaz \u2013 aksine daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tolkien ve Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f sa\u011f ve muhafazak\u00e2r hareketler \u00fczerinde nas\u0131l bir etki yaratt\u0131?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha \u00f6nce k\u0131saca Britanya ve Amerika \u00f6rneklerinden bahsettim. Burada daha ilgin\u00e7 olan \u0130talya\u2019daki duruma de\u011finmek. Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em> \u0130talya\u2019da tam metin halinde ilk kez 1970\u2019te yay\u0131mland\u0131.
Eserin, realizmin dogmalar\u0131na uymayan her roman\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyen ilerici ele\u015ftirmenlerce \u201c\u015feytanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na\u201d tepki olarak, 1970\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131ndan itibaren Tolkien evreni sa\u011f partiler ve hareketlerce \u2013 \u00f6zellikle MSI (Movimento Sociale Italiano) \u2013 sistematik bi\u00e7imde benimsendi. Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>, semboller, ikonografiler ve sloganlar i\u00e7in bir kaynak haline getirildi (MSI \u00fcyesi olan gen\u00e7 Giorgia Meloni \u2013 \u015fimdinin ba\u015fbakan\u0131 \u2013 Tolkien hayran\u0131 olarak bilinir). Sosyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan bu durum benzersizdir; \u0130talya\u2019da hi\u00e7bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131 dizisi bu kadar geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekte b\u00f6ylesi bir i\u015flev g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en bilinen entelekt\u00fcellerinden Gianfranco De Turris, Tolkien edebiyat\u0131 ile sa\u011f aras\u0131ndaki tipik \u0130talyan ba\u011f\u0131na s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u011finmi\u015ftir: \u201cTolkien\u2019in anlat\u0131s\u0131 ve \u2018kahramanca fantezi\u2019, sa\u011fc\u0131 gencin ruhuna, ya\u015fama ve hissetme bi\u00e7imine, ki\u015fisel ve kolektif mitolojisine daha uygun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyordu.\u201d
Militan sa\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131n organlar\u0131nda Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>\u2019nin y\u00fczlerce kopyas\u0131 sat\u0131ld\u0131. \u201cCompagnia dell\u2019Anello\u201d ad\u0131nda, h\u00e2l\u00e2 etkin olan bir m\u00fczik grubu kuruldu. Yani Tolkien\u2019in eseri etraf\u0131nda, sa\u011f\u0131n ideolojik mesajlar\u0131n\u0131 ve politik de\u011ferlerini kendi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131maya yarayan geni\u015f bir a\u011f olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1976\u2019da, MSI, kad\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden tan\u0131mlamak ve onu art\u0131k Mussolini kal\u0131plar\u0131ndan \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f, ama feminist fikirlerden de uzak bir konumda g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in yeni bir dergi kurmaya karar verdi\u011finde, derginin ad\u0131 \u201cEowyn\u201d se\u00e7ildi. Rohan prensesi, Kral Th\u00e9oden\u2019in ye\u011feni, edit\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re yeni kad\u0131ns\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n m\u00fckemmel modeliydi: sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ama ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cg\u00fcven verici\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Solun \u00e7e\u015fitli siyasi etkinliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenen \u201cCampi Hobbit\u201d (Hobbit Kamplar\u0131) ise \u0130talyan Tolkien ele\u015ftirisi tarihinde iz b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem bug\u00fcn\u00fcn aktif Tolkien ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu oradan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, hem de bu deneyimlerde Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi<\/em>\u2019ne alegorik bir okuma geli\u015ftirildi. Bu, El\u00e9mire Zolla\u2019n\u0131n ilk \u0130talyanca bask\u0131ya yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zdeki yakla\u015f\u0131mla ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

MSI\u2019nin Alleanza Nazionale\u2019ye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinden sonra Tolkien imgesi, daha geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Oxford profes\u00f6r\u00fc, yaln\u0131zca \u201cdo\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi sa\u011fc\u0131\u201d de\u011fil, gelece\u011fin militan\u0131na duygusal e\u011fitim verecek yazar ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerden biri olarak sunuldu. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yap\u0131lan g\u00f6ndermeler belirli bir derinlik ta\u015f\u0131rken, y\u0131llar ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e bu imge basit\u00e7e bir \u201cgadget\u201d ve \u201cmerchandising\u201d malzemesine indirgenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131; bug\u00fcn Fratelli d\u2019Italia partisinde olan da budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan, son on y\u0131llarda Katolikler de Tolkien\u2019i, onun ruhaniyeti ve eserine dair \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sayesinde yeniden ke\u015ffettiler; sol da onu yeniden de\u011ferlendirmeyi bildi. Bunun do\u011fal sonucu, sa\u011f\u0131n baz\u0131 indirgemeci yorumlar\u0131n\u0131 sorgulayan alternatif bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 oldu; \u00f6zellikle de yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z edilen alegorik okuma yeniden tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiliz Katolik yazarlar\u0131 (Chesterton, Belloc, Dawson, Waugh, Tolkien vb.) hangi tarihsel temellere yasland\u0131lar ve \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Anglikan olan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortamda birbirleriyle nas\u0131l ili\u015fkilendiler, b\u00f6ylece Katolik muhafazak\u00e2r bir entelekt\u00fcel damar nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncelikle baz\u0131 ayr\u0131mlar yapmak gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum: Bir yandan \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Katoliklerden genel olarak var \u2013 ki 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda bunlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak yoksul \u0130rlandal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlerdi \u2013 di\u011fer yandan ise \u00e7o\u011fu Anglikan do\u011fup sonradan Roma Kilisesi\u2019ne kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, genellikle se\u00e7kin sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7evrelerden gelen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir entelekt\u00fcel az\u0131nl\u0131ktan s\u00f6z etmek var.
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, son y\u00fczy\u0131lda Britanya\u2019daki Katoliklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Partisi\u2019ne oy vermeye y\u00f6nelten \u015feyler esasen dini de\u011fil, say\u0131sal ve sosyolojik nedenlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan, s\u00f6z konusu entelekt\u00fcellerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerine dikkatle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u2013 ki bunlar topluca, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensup dinda\u015flar\u0131ndan daha muhafazak\u00e2r olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r \u2013 asl\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00e7e\u015fitlilik arz eden konumlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar: Fa\u015fizm hayranlar\u0131ndan (ba\u015fta Douglas Jerrold) radikal Katolik Marksistlere, Greene gibi sol yanl\u0131s\u0131 Katoliklere kadar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe \u00f6zlem duyan, yani daha az ya da \u00e7ok mitik bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi y\u00fccelten muhafazak\u00e2r anlam\u0131nda, asl\u0131nda \u00e7ok az say\u0131da isim vard\u0131: Jacobite e\u011filimlere yak\u0131n olanlar ya da Merry England<\/em> (orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n k\u0131rsal, Katolik Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir eyaleti gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u0130ngiltere\u2019si) mitine kap\u0131lanlar bile, ger\u00e7eklerin hayallere \u00e7ok yer b\u0131rakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir \u015feyler de\u011fi\u015ftirilecekse bunun hic et nunc<\/em> (burada ve \u015fimdi) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekti\u011fini anlayacak kadar ger\u00e7ek\u00e7iydiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fi y\u00fcceltmek, ayr\u0131ca, her zaman muhafazak\u00e2r politikalara taraftar olmak anlam\u0131na gelmiyordu; aksine. En tipik \u00f6rnek olarak olan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131lar (distributists<\/em>), kapitalizme Orta\u00e7a\u011f toplumunu \u00f6rnek alarak kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131. Orta\u00e7a\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k, ayr\u0131ca, \u0130sko\u00e7 ve Galler milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin yeniden do\u011fu\u015funda da belirleyici bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130mparatorlu\u011fun kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 hararetle savunanlar da pek yoktu; zira bu kurumlar daha birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar Roma\u2019ya yak\u0131n olan Katoliklere bask\u0131 yapmaktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (parantez i\u00e7inde hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m: \u0130ngiltere\u2019de piskoposluk b\u00f6lgeleri ancak 1850\u2019de yeniden kurulmu\u015ftur; bu da \u015fu anlama gelir ki o tarihe kadar \u00fclke, Afrika ya da Asya\u2019n\u0131n uzak bir misyon topra\u011f\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteydi).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fer \u201cmuhafazak\u00e2r\u201d etiketiyle, giderek sek\u00fclerle\u015fen d\u00fcnyay\u0131 izlerken moderniteye kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyici bir tav\u0131r geli\u015ftiren Katolikleri kastediyorsak, i\u015fte bu anlamda Chesterton, Belloc, Dawson, Waugh ve Tolkien \u2013 her ne kadar \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ki\u015filikler olsalar da \u2013 ortak bir \u00e7izgide bulu\u015fuyorlard\u0131. \u0130\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 gazeteci olarak ya da do\u011frudan siyasete girerek kamuoyu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131lar \u2013 \u00f6rne\u011fin Belloc, Liberal Parti\u2019den parlamenter oldu \u2013 ama bu da istisnai \u00f6rnekler olarak kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chesterton ve Belloc\u2019un da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k modeli, sadece liberal kapitalizme ve sosyalizme d\u00f6nemin ele\u015ftirileri \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda muhafazak\u00e2r bir nostalji mi yans\u0131t\u0131yordu, yoksa modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in uygulanabilir bir alternatif vizyon da sunuyor muydu?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birey-toplum ya da ki\u015fi-devlet ili\u015fkisi, modernitenin d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan biridir. Belloc, Westminster ba\u015fpiskoposu Kardinal Manning\u2019in 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fckemmel tespiti yeniden g\u00fcndeme getirerek konuyu temelden ele ald\u0131: Manning\u2019e g\u00f6re her insan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, en nihayetinde bir teolojik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle Belloc, modernitenin dram\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131 ile putlar, Hristiyan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u015fehvet, g\u00fc\u00e7 ve paradan olu\u015fan yeni bir paganizm aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak se\u00e7imde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclece\u011fini gayet iyi kavram\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chesterton da bu konuda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildirdi. 1926\u2019da ABD\u2019yi ziyaretinden sonra yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir denemede \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cYar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Moskova\u2019da de\u011fil, Manhattan\u2019da.\u201d \u0130ngiliz yazar\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fi yeni sapk\u0131nl\u0131k, bir sistem h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015f hazc\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131; bu ise bencilli\u011fe, tahakk\u00fcme ve uzun vadede kendini yok etmeye yol a\u00e7\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buradan, Belloc ve Chesterton\u2019un \u2013 \u0130rlandal\u0131 Dominiken rahip Vincent McNabb\u2019\u0131n da deste\u011fiyle \u2013 tutkuyla savundu\u011fu Orta\u00e7a\u011f savunusu do\u011far. Onlar\u0131n tutumu, nostaljik ya da geriye d\u00f6n\u00fck de\u011fildi; mesele, modern d\u00fcnyaya k\u0131yasla insan\u0131n hakikatine ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na daha uygun kurumlara, ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131na, toplumsal yap\u0131lara bakmakt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sadece s\u00f6zde kalmad\u0131: Dostlar\u0131yla birlikte G.K.\u2019s Weekly<\/em> adl\u0131 bir dergi ve Distributist League<\/em> adl\u0131 bir hareket kurdular. Bu hareketin amac\u0131, hem kapitalizme hem de kom\u00fcnizme alternatif olan, Orta\u00e7a\u011f loncalar\u0131n\u0131n deneyimlerinden ve Katolik sosyal doktrinden esinlenen siyasi ve ekonomik bir modeli yaymakt\u0131 (her da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131 Katolik de\u011fildi). Hareketin slogan\u0131 \u201cM\u00fclkiyetin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u201d idi ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k genelinde k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede pek \u00e7ok \u00e7evre a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131lara g\u00f6re, servetin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131ndan do\u011fan toplumsal adaletsizlik sorununa tek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da Keynes\u2019in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi kapitalizme yama yapmak de\u011fildi; \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini da\u011f\u0131tmakt\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, insan\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten \u201ck\u00f6lece\u201d bir durumdan kademeli olarak \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fi tek ba\u011flam olu\u015facakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde cazip fikirlerle beslenen da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, pratikte ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famad\u0131 ve 1930\u2019lar\u0131n sonunda, Chesterton\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra krize girdi. Ancak fikirleri ya\u015famaya devam etti, Amerika\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti ve \u00f6zellikle i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131n\u0131n savunucusu, Hristiyan sosyal d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin \u00f6nemli temsilcisi Dorothy Day gibi bir\u00e7ok Katolik \u00fczerinde etkili oldu. Ernst Schumacher de 1973\u2019te yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Small Is Beautiful<\/em> (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck G\u00fczeldir) adl\u0131 eserinde Bat\u0131 t\u00fcketim k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temellerini sorgularken da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131 fikirlerden esinlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn, bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle bir nebze temas, insan faaliyetlerinin \u00e7evresel etkilerini ve israf\u0131 azaltmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclme\u201d savunucular\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. H\u00e2l\u00e2 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131mc\u0131 idealleri savunan gruplar vard\u0131r \u2013 \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0130talya\u2019da Movimento Distributista Italiano<\/em> \u2013 fakat bunlar k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklard\u0131r ve Chesterton, Belloc ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyadan tamamen farkl\u0131 bir ba\u011flamda somut \u00f6nerilerle kamuoyunda seslerini duyurmakta zorlanmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130talyan Oscar Wilde Derne\u011fi \u00fcyesi olan Luga Fumagalli, ayn\u0131 zamanda Radio Spada bloguna ve iki ayda bir yay\u0131mlanan Saint Austin Review dergisine katk\u0131da bulunuyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle son iki y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen Britanya Katolikli\u011fi fig\u00fcrlerinin incelenmesi ve tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na odakl\u0131yor. Tolkien, Britanya Katolikli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biri olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Biz de Fumagalli ile Tolkien\u2019i ve Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi\u2019ni… Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2653,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[58,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2649","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gorus","category-roportajlar"],"yoast_head":"\nLuga Fumagalli: Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi\u2019ni bir dinsel alegori olarak okumak hatad\u0131r ama metin Katoliklerin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakikat \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r - Eren Ye\u015filyurt<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/erenyesilyurt.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/01\/luga-fumagalli-yuzuklerin-efendisini-bir-dinsel-alegori-olarak-okumak-hatadirama-metin-katoliklerin-dunyayi-kavradigi-hakikat-isigini-kullanarak-yazilmistir\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Luga Fumagalli: Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi\u2019ni bir dinsel alegori olarak okumak hatad\u0131r ama metin Katoliklerin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakikat \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r - Eren Ye\u015filyurt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0130talyan Oscar Wilde Derne\u011fi \u00fcyesi olan Luga Fumagalli, ayn\u0131 zamanda Radio Spada bloguna ve iki ayda bir yay\u0131mlanan Saint Austin Review dergisine katk\u0131da bulunuyor. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle son iki y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen Britanya Katolikli\u011fi fig\u00fcrlerinin incelenmesi ve tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131na odakl\u0131yor. 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Tolkien, Britanya Katolikli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00f6nemli isimlerinden biri olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Biz de Fumagalli ile Tolkien\u2019i ve Y\u00fcz\u00fcklerin Efendisi\u2019ni... 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