{"id":3214,"date":"2026-11-02T01:02:40","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T22:02:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/erenyesilyurt.com\/?p=3214"},"modified":"2026-11-02T12:35:59","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T09:35:59","slug":"martin-tielke-schmitt-somut-bir-siyasi-dusunurdu-junger-icin-ise-gerceklik-yalnizca-bir-meseldi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/erenyesilyurt.com\/index.php\/2026\/11\/02\/martin-tielke-schmitt-somut-bir-siyasi-dusunurdu-junger-icin-ise-gerceklik-yalnizca-bir-meseldi\/","title":{"rendered":"Martin Tielke: Schmitt somut bir siyasi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc, J\u00fcnger i\u00e7in ise ger\u00e7eklik yaln\u0131zca bir meseldi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u0130\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn hatlar\u0131yla anlamland\u0131rmaya giri\u015fen Ernst J\u00fcnger ve Carl Schmitt, yank\u0131lar\u0131 bug\u00fcne uzanan iki kurucu fig\u00fcr. Seyri boyunca \u00f6nemli k\u0131r\u0131lmalardan ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerden ge\u00e7en bu hususi ili\u015fkiyi; Der stille B\u00fcrgerkrieg: Ernst J\u00fcnger und Carl Schmitt im Dritten Reich<\/em> (Landt Verlag, 2007) adl\u0131 monografinin yazar\u0131 Martin Tielke konu\u015ftuk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda Berlin\u2019de ba\u015flayan ve elli y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcre boyunca y\u00fczlerce mektupla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen Ernst J\u00fcnger ile Carl Schmitt aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki, klasik bir fikir ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade z\u0131t kutuplar\u0131n birbirini \u00e7ekmesi gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Yine de aralar\u0131ndaki ba\u011f o kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc ki J\u00fcnger, yeni do\u011fan o\u011fluna Schmitt\u2019in ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi ve onu vaftiz babas\u0131 yapt\u0131. Schmitt\u2019i J\u00fcnger\u2019e bu denli \u00e7eken neydi?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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Ernst J\u00fcnger ve Carl Schmitt <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Belki de Schmitt\u2019i b\u00fcy\u00fcleyen \u015fey, J\u00fcnger\u2019in bir bak\u0131ma kendisinin tam z\u0131tt\u0131 olmas\u0131yd\u0131: so\u011fuk bir persona ve bir asker, fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda son derece k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc biri. \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olan, bu dostlu\u011fun tam da siyasi bak\u0131mdan birbirlerinden en uzak olduklar\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle samimi bir nitelik kazanmas\u0131d\u0131r. J\u00fcnger en ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren rejime mesafeli dururken, Schmitt kariyer umutlar\u0131n\u0131 yeni iktidar sahiplerine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen J\u00fcnger\u2019in 1934 do\u011fumlu o\u011flunun vaftiz babal\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam da bu d\u00f6neme rastlar. Schmitt miza\u00e7lar aras\u0131ndaki bu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gayet net tespit etmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, gece J\u00fcnger\u2019in \u201cben-z\u0131rh\u0131n\u0131, hatta kas\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda onun \u201charikulade kendini a\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131\u201d fark etti\u011fini kaydeder. Hemen ard\u0131ndan ise kendisi hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazar: \u201cD\u00fcnya tarihinin i\u00e7inde ben zavall\u0131 hukuk\u00e7u.\u201d Bu arada ili\u015fkinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda J\u00fcnger\u2019den gelen bir iltifat yer al\u0131yordu: J\u00fcnger, 1930\u2019da Siyasal Kavram\u0131<\/em> i\u00e7in Schmitt\u2019e te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederken kitab\u0131 \u201csessizce patlayan\u201d bir may\u0131n imgesiyle nitelendirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck y\u0131llar\u0131nda her ikisi de okumalar\u0131 \u00fczerine yo\u011fun bir fikir al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde bulundu. Bu d\u00f6nemde Schmitt ve J\u00fcnger i\u00e7in belirleyici olan metinler hangileriydi ve kim kimi Melville veya L\u00e9on Bloy gibi yazarlarla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131? Bu okumalarda her iki ismin kendi durumlar\u0131n\u0131 yorumlama bi\u00e7imlerindeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor mu?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Nasyonal Sosyalizm d\u00f6neminde Schmitt i\u00e7in belirleyici ve \u201cvarolu\u015fsal\u201d metinler Benito Cereno<\/em>, Konrad Wei\u00df ve \u00f6zellikle sava\u015f\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru Schmitt i\u00e7in merkez\u00ee bir konuma yerle\u015fen Annette von Droste-H\u00fclshoff idi. Benito Cereno<\/em> Schmitt\u2019i \u00f6ylesine me\u015fgul ediyordu ki mektuplar\u0131nda J\u00fcnger\u2019e bu anlat\u0131y\u0131 nihayet okuyup okumad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 neredeyse can s\u0131kacak derecede \u0131srarla soruyordu. Hatta 1943 y\u0131l\u0131nda alt\u0131na \u201cCereno\u201d imzas\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir k\u00e2\u011f\u0131da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 J\u00fcnger ile payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Gemi, onun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde devrim ve i\u00e7 sava\u015fta y\u0131k\u0131lan devlet d\u00fczeninin bir imgesiydi. \u0130syan eden k\u00f6lelerin kaptan\u0131 tehdit etti\u011fi gibi, \u201cbilindi\u011fi \u00fczere siyah \u00fcniformal\u0131\u201d olan SS de Carl Schmitt\u2019i tehdit ediyordu. G\u00fcnl\u00fckte Hitler\u2019den daha sonra defalarca, isyan\u0131n liderine at\u0131fla sadece \u201cBabo\u201d <\/em>olarak s\u00f6z edilir. Konrad Wei\u00df\u2019ta ise tek bir dize k\u00e2fi gelir: \u201cSavunmas\u0131z, fakat hi\u00e7bir yan\u0131yla yok edilmemi\u015f\u201d (Wehrlos, doch in nichts vernichtet<\/em>). Droste\u2019nin Das geistliche Jahr<\/em> (Ruhani Y\u0131l) eseri hakk\u0131nda ise Schmitt \u015f\u00f6yle yazar: \u201cOnlar\u0131 dua eder gibi okumak gerekir.\u201d J\u00fcnger\u2019in dikkatini L\u00e9on Bloy\u2019a \u00e7eken ki\u015fi Schmitt\u2019ti, tersi de\u011fil! Ger\u00e7i J\u00fcnger\u2019in onu anlay\u0131p anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda Schmitt daha Haziran 1945\u2019te \u015f\u00fcpheye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. J\u00fcnger\u2019in Bloy hakk\u0131ndaki mektuplar\u0131 \u201cbeni anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d g\u00f6steriyordu. J\u00fcnger ise daha \u00e7ok Poe\u2019dan b\u00fcy\u00fclenmi\u015fti. Bu durum zaten bir fark\u0131 ortaya koyar: Schmitt Benito Cereno<\/em>\u2019da kendi somut durumunun resmini g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, J\u00fcnger i\u00e7in Poe\u2019daki Maelstrom\u2019a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f metafizik bir imgeydi. Schmitt bu fark\u0131 bizzat adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Melville\u2019in anlat\u0131s\u0131 \u201cMaelstrom\u2019a k\u0131yasla daha \u00e7ok insanlar taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen duruma odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d. Yani biri somut bir siyaset d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc, di\u011feri i\u00e7inse ger\u00e7eklik yaln\u0131zca bir \u201cmesel\u201ddi (Gleichnis<\/em>). Schmitt, J\u00fcnger\u2019in bu d\u00f6nemdeki eserleri aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok Macerac\u0131 Kalp<\/em>\u2019e de\u011fer veriyordu. 30 Nisan 1945\u2019te bile, bir Sovyet subay\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sorgulanmak \u00fczere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmeden yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 saat \u00f6nce, bu kitaptaki Ba\u015forman Muhaf\u0131z\u0131 r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 okumu\u015f ve onu \u201cger\u00e7ekten d\u00e2hiyane ve zamana boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015febilen\u201d bir metin olarak nitelemi\u015fti. Mermer Yal\u0131yar<\/em>‘dan da s\u0131k s\u0131k al\u0131nt\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rejim taraf\u0131ndan saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lan Schmitt, en ge\u00e7 1938 tarihli Leviathan<\/em> kitab\u0131yla i\u00e7sel bir alana \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ve sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 Berlin\u2019de ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti; J\u00fcnger ise Paris\u2019teki i\u015fgal kararg\u00e2h\u0131nda, \u00fcniformas\u0131 i\u00e7inde g\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini tutuyordu. Bir hukuk\u00e7unun ve bir yazar\u0131n sergiledi\u011fi bu olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 \u201canlam y\u00fckl\u00fc suskunluk\u201d bi\u00e7imleri birbirini etkiledi mi? Schmitt, J\u00fcnger\u2019in Paris\u2019teki durumuna nas\u0131l bak\u0131yordu?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Aralar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bir etkile\u015fim oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorum. Schmitt bir bak\u0131ma J\u00fcnger\u2019i k\u0131skan\u0131yordu; zira J\u00fcnger \u00fcniformas\u0131 sayesinde Gestapo\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir dereceye kadar korunuyordu. Her ikisi de 1945\u2019te \u201c\u015fans eseri kurtulanlar\u201dd\u0131. Schmitt\u2019in anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re bunun sebebi tam da Nasyonal Sosyalist devlette hi\u00e7birinin tamamen \u201c\u00f6zel \u015fah\u0131s\u201d konumunda olmamas\u0131yd\u0131: J\u00fcnger bir Wehrmacht subay\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Schmitt ise 1936\u2019da g\u00f6revlerini kaybettikten sonra da Prusya Devlet Konseyi \u00fcyesi unvan\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011fu i\u00e7in. Yine de birbirlerinin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehlikeyi neredeyse hi\u00e7 fark edemediler. J\u00fcnger, Leviathan<\/em>\u2019\u0131 \u201cbal\u0131\u011f\u0131n karn\u0131ndan\u201d gelen bir i\u015faret olarak alg\u0131lamad\u0131 ve Schmitt\u2019in 1936\u2019dan beri i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu tehlikeyi \u201cg\u00f6recek g\u00f6z\u00fc yoktu\u201d. Schmitt ise J\u00fcnger\u2019in Paris\u2019te asl\u0131nda gayet rahat ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Oysa Paris\u2019teki l\u00fcks bir otelde de atlat\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken tehlikeler oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131yordu. Schmitt\u2019in kendisi ise Haziran 1945\u2019te h\u00e2l\u00e2, 1936\u2019dan beri \u201cGestapo\u2019nun dikkatini \u00e7ekmeme\u201d zorunlulu\u011fu alt\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 not ediyordu. \u0130kilinin bu y\u0131llardaki ili\u015fkisine \u201ckar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 k\u00f6rl\u00fck\u201d h\u00e2kimdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Sava\u015f\u0131n sona ermesinden sonra dostluk derin bir krize girdi ve bu kriz nihayetinde mektupla\u015fman\u0131n y\u0131llarca kesilmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131 (capisco et obmutesco<\/em>). J\u00fcnger\u2019in Heliopolis<\/em> roman\u0131nda d\u00f6nemi soyutlay\u0131c\u0131-mitolojik bir dille kavrama giri\u015fimi, Schmitt\u2019te neden bu denli derin bir \u00f6fke uyand\u0131rd\u0131? Ve 1945 sonras\u0131nda her ikisinin de tamamen de\u011fi\u015fen durumu bunda nas\u0131l bir rol oynad\u0131?<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Sava\u015ftan sonra durum bamba\u015fkayd\u0131. J\u00fcnger Nasyonal Sosyalist d\u00f6nemde Macerac\u0131 Kalp<\/em> ile ger\u00e7ek\u00fcst\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe ka\u00e7\u0131p Mermer Yal\u0131yar<\/em> ile mitolojik bir kisveye b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f bir hik\u00e2ye anlat\u0131rken, Schmitt o d\u00f6neme ait yaz\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle a\u011f\u0131r bir hesap verme bask\u0131s\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Ancak Schmitt, kamuoyuna temelden g\u00fcvensizlik duydu\u011fu i\u00e7in kamuoyu \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapmay\u0131 reddetti. Kamusal t\u00f6vbe rit\u00fcelleri onun i\u00e7in m\u00fcstehcen bir g\u00f6steriydi. Ex Captivitate Salus<\/em>\u2019ta \u015f\u00f6yle denir: \u201cG\u00fcnah \u00e7\u0131karmak isteyen gitsin ve kendini rahibe g\u00f6stersin.\u201d Kendisi de tam olarak bunu yapt\u0131: Haziran 1945\u2019te rahibe \u201cbir hukuk bilimci olarak mahvolu\u015fumu itiraf ettim\u201d diye yazar. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn de g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi, \u201csu\u00e7unu\u201d \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde kabul etti \u2014 fakat kamuoyu \u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011fil! Droste\u2019nin bir dizesi bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te neredeyse bir nakarata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr: \u201cB\u00f6ylece kendi su\u00e7umun ve ahmakl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131n kefaretini \u00f6demeliyim\u201d (So muss ich eigene Schuld und Torheit s\u00fchnen<\/em>). J\u00fcnger\u2019in 1945\u2019ten sonra art\u0131k hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi mitolojikle\u015ftirmesine gerek yoktu. Buna ra\u011fmen bunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini Schmitt riyak\u00e2rca buldu. 25 Kas\u0131m 1949\u2019da Heliopolis<\/em>\u2019te ac\u0131 hakikati dile getirmekten bir ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Mermer Yal\u0131ya<\/em>r\u2019da hen\u00fcz kamuflaj zorunlulu\u011fu alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u015fey, \u015fimdi ona ac\u0131nas\u0131 bir ka\u00e7amak gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Herakleitos\u2019un \u201cAyn\u0131 nehre iki kez girilmez\u201d vecizesiyle J\u00fcnger\u2019i, Mermer Yal\u0131yar<\/em>, I\u015f\u0131malar<\/em> (Strahlungen<\/em>) ve Heliopolis<\/em> ile ayn\u0131 nehre tam \u00fc\u00e7 kez girmekle ele\u015ftirdi. J\u00fcnger\u2019e ise ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn daha nazik bir dille, onun \u201cbir Heliopolisli de\u011fil, bir Kaopolisli\u201d oldu\u011funu yazd\u0131. As\u0131l kopu\u015f ise ancak J\u00fcnger\u2019in ortak ge\u00e7mi\u015flerini ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u015fart kipiyle (Irrealis<\/em>) anlatmas\u0131yla ya\u015fand\u0131. J\u00fcnger\u2019e g\u00f6re Schmitt 1933\u2019te onun tavsiyesine uymu\u015f olsayd\u0131 belki art\u0131k hayatta olmazd\u0131, ama o zaman J\u00fcnger hakk\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm verme hakk\u0131na sahip olurdu. Schmitt Glossarium<\/em>\u2019a ac\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u015funu not d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: \u201cBir hayatta kalan, bir ba\u015fka hayatta kalana b\u00f6yle konu\u015fur.\u201d Bloy\u2019un \u201cOlan her \u015fey tap\u0131n\u0131lmaya de\u011ferdir\u201d (Tout ce qui arrive est adorable<\/em>) s\u00f6z\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi ve Bloy\u2019un J\u00fcnger\u2019in cephesinde \u201ck\u00f6r bir pencere gibi as\u0131l\u0131 durdu\u011funu\u201d fark etmek zorunda kald\u0131. 5 \u015eubat 1950\u2019de sadece \u015fu yan\u0131t\u0131 verdi: \u201cCapisco et obmutesco<\/em>\u201d (Anl\u0131yorum ve susuyorum). Buna ek olarak Schmitt dar imk\u00e2nlarla ya\u015f\u0131yor ve maddi a\u00e7\u0131dan k\u00f6t\u00fc durumdayd\u0131 (emekli maa\u015f\u0131 yoktu); J\u00fcnger ise k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede yeniden iyi kazanan ve takdir edilen bir yazar olmu\u015ftu. Temmuz 1945\u2019te g\u00fcnl\u00fckte \u015f\u00f6yle denir: \u201cTek bir kuru\u015f para yok.\u201d 21 A\u011fustos\u2019ta ise \u015f\u00f6yle yazar: \u201cO g\u00fcvende; bense burada Orel \u00fczerinde oturuyorum.\u201d Belirli bir k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n da burada pay\u0131 olmu\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ne var ki kopu\u015fu tek ba\u015f\u0131na bu a\u00e7\u0131klamaz. Schmitt i\u00e7in s\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirilen \u201c\u00e7ekememezlik\u201d iddias\u0131 yetersiz kal\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunun ard\u0131nda, ancak Nasyonal Sosyalist devletin sona ermesinden sonra a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan nesnel ve esasl\u0131 fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 yat\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\u0130\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcn hatlar\u0131yla anlamland\u0131rmaya giri\u015fen Ernst J\u00fcnger ve Carl Schmitt, yank\u0131lar\u0131 bug\u00fcne uzanan iki kurucu fig\u00fcr. 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